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    In-situ Carbonation for Reduction of CO? Emissions from Energy and Industrial Sources in Alentejo

    Cofinanciado por:
    Acronym | InCarbon
    Project title | In-situ Carbonation for Reduction of CO? Emissions from Energy and Industrial Sources in Alentejo
    Project Code | PTDC/CTA-GEO/31853/2017
    Main objective |

    Region of intervention | Alentejo

    Beneficiary entity |
    • Universidade de Évora(líder)
    • LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia(parceiro)

    Approval date | 23-03-2018
    Start date | 01-10-2018
    Date of the conclusion | 30-09-2021
    Date of extension | 30-09-2022

    Total eligible cost | 238715.96 €
    European Union financial support | - 0 €
    National/regional public financial support | 238715.96 €
    Apoio financeiro atribuído à Universidade de Évora | 233465.96 €

    Summary

    The Paris agreement set the ambition of keeping global warming well below 2°C with respect to pre-industrial levels. CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS - capture of CO2 from large point sources and its storage in geological formations) is regarded by the International Energy Agency as essential to achieve that target, and should contribute with 1/6 of the CO2 emissions reductions by 2050. The motivation for the **InCarbon** lies on the need to reduce the CO2 emissions from the largest industrial area in Portugal, the Sines cluster. The coal power plant, refinery and petrochemical facilities can emit yearly more than 10 Mt CO2eq, and given the economic and strategic importance of the Sines cluster, measures need to be taken to reduce the CO2 emissions without affecting the industrial and power production activities. **The research aim of InCarbon is to assess the potential of using mafic and ultramafic rocks in Alentejo for sequestration of CO2 captured in large industrial and power sources.** The added value of using mafic rocks for CO2 sequestration lies in their ability to enhance and stabilize CO2 storage via mineral carbonation. Mafic rocks are enriched in Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ cations, the reaction of which with CO2 precipitates minerals like calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), magnesite (MgCO3) and siderite (FeCO3), permanently fixing CO2 in underground in solid form. **InCarbon** focus on ?*in situ? mineral carbonation ?* where CO2 is injected underground, at hundreds to thousands metres depth, into mafic rocks. The feasibility of mineral carbonation has been demonstrated for basalts, but since large-scale basaltic rocks do not exist in Alentejo, **InCarbon** embraces the challenge of studying mineral carbonation technologies in rocks with similar mineral and chemical composition (such as gabbro, peridotites, pyroxenites, etc) that occur in rock massifs scattered through Alentejo. The research strategy of the consortium partners, University of Évora and LNEG, relies on three pillars: i) geologic and geophysical field work; ii) laboratory experiments and iii) numerical modeling. Field work and reinterpretation of geophysical data will identify and rank the mafic and ultramafic rock massifs in Alentejo with the best features for mineral carbonation. The chemical interaction between CO2, groundwater and the mafic rocks will be studied in the laboratory by reacting CO2 with rocks samples from the selected massifs at pressure and temperature similar to those expected at the potential injection sites. Finally, numerical modeling will be performed to upscale the results of the laboratory experiments, to predict the long-term fate of injected CO2 and ultimately to estimate the CO2 storage capacity. If the storage capacity is proven to exist, the technology would provide a feasible mean for reducing CO2 emissions that could be implemented not far from the Sines industrial region, providing the drivers to decouple the industrial activity from the CO2 emissions concern.

    Goals, activities and expected/achieved results

    Goals

    O objectivo do projecto **InCarbon** é avaliar o potencial das rochas máficas e ultramáficas no Alentejo para o armazenamento de CO2 capturado em grandes fontes industriais e de geração de energia, como as existentes no cluster industrial de Sines. As rochas máficas e ultramáficas são enriquecidas em catiões Ca2+, Mg2+ e Fe2+, cuja reação com o CO2 precipita minerais carbonatados, fixando permanentemente o CO2 em forma mineral, num processo denominado Carbonatação Mineral. O **InCarbon** centra-se na carbonação mineral *in situ* - em que o CO2 é injetado no subsolo, a centenas ou milhares de metros de profundidade, em rochas máficas. A viabilidade da carbonatação mineral está demonstrada em basaltos nos projetos CarbFix (Islândia) e Wallula (EUA), mas o InCarbon abraça o desafio de estudar a carbonatação mineral nos tipos específicos de rochas máficas que ocorrem no Alentejo: gabros, peridotitos, piroxenitos, e outros. A estratégia de investigação baseia-se em três pilares: i) trabalho de campo geológico e geofísico; Ii) ensaios laboratoriais e; iii) modelação numérica. O trabalho de campo e a reinterpretação de dados geofísicos permitem identificar e classificar os maciços rochosos máficos e ultramáficos do Alentejo com as características mais favoráveis para a carbonatação mineral. O maciço de Sines, situado nas proximidades do pólo industrial, será o principal alvo, mas outras ocorrências ultramáficas, onshore e offshore (no âmbito da cooperação com o projecto MINEPLAT, financiado pelo Alentejo 2020) serão também detalhadamente avaliadas. A interação química entre o CO2 e as rochas máficas será estudada laboratorialmente através da reação do CO2 com amostras de rochas dos maciços selecionados a pressão e temperaturas compatível com as profundidades de injeção. A modelação numérica replicará os resultados das experiências laboratoriais para a escala dos maciços, permitindo prever o comportamento a longo prazo do CO2 injetado e estimar a capacidade de armazenamento. O consórcio é composto pela Universidade de Évora e pelo LNEG, que colaboraram em quase todos os projectos relacionados com a captura e armazenamento de CO2 realizados em Portugal, incluindo a quantificação da capacidade de armazenamento em Portugal (projecto KTEJO), a definição do das redes de transporte de CO2 (projecto COMET) e o Roteiro nacional da CCS (projecto CCS-PT). As experiências laboratoriais de carbonatação serão conduzidas nas instalações do Instituto Geológico e Mineiro de Espanha, IGME, e um consultor dessa instituição estará permanentemente envolvido no projeto. Se a capacidade de armazenamento for comprovada, a carbonatação mineral proporcionaria uma forma de reduzir as emissões de CO2 das fontes industriais e de energia que poderia ser implementada próximo do cluster industrial de Sines, fornecendo o incentivo para dissociar a actividade industrial da região da problema das emissões de CO2.

    Activities

    Atividade 1 - Seleção e caracterização estrutural de maciços máficos e ultramáficos. Atividade 2 - Caracterização laboratorial de amostras dos maciços selecionados. Atividade 3 - Ensaios laboratoriais de carbonatação mineral. Atividade 4 - Definição espacial dos maciços através de métodos geofísicos. Atividade 5 - Modelação geoquímica e avaliação da capacidade de armazenamento. Atividade 6 - Ultrapassar os desafios colocados pela precipitação de minerais. Atividade 7 - Coordenação científica e gestão do projeto.

    Results

    O principal resultado esperado no projecto é uma quantificação da capacidade de armazenamento de CO2 em rochas máficas e ultramáficas e uma avaliação do potencial de aplicação da tecnologia na região do Alentejo. Estudos anteriores, noutras regiões, encontraram alguns desafios para a implementação da tecnologia, nomeadamente a diminuição da permeabiliadde dos maciços ao longo do tempo devido à precipitação de minerais carbonatados, e o projecto prevê efectuar avanços na resolução desses desafios. Finalmente, através dos contatos e seminários previstos com os *stakeholders* e o público em geral, espera-se atingir um maior nível de conhecimento da opinião pública sobre as possibilidades de mitigação das alterações climáticas através do armazenamento geológico de CO2. Estes resultados esperados consubstanciam-se num conjunto de *deliverables* e publicações científicas a produzir em cada uma das Actividades do projecto e que se encontram listados nos "Documentos Anexos".
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